A total of four oils were tested: a baseline oil – all calcium detergent system (poor LSPI performance); Formulating solution 1 – calcium is reduced and magnesium is added; Formulating solution 2 – molybdenum dialkyldithiocarbamate (MoDTC) is added; and finally Formulating solution 3 – the addition of titanium.
The results of the tests found that all three formulation strategies were successful at mitigating LSPI in fresh oil; however, following the aging process, the propensity of LSPI was observed to be very different. Both formulation 2 and 3 showed very poor LSPI durability, while formulation 1 was the only oil to continue to mitigate LSPI when aged.
Abstract
This work explores the dependence of fuel distillation and flame speed on low-speed pre-ignition (LSPI). Findings are based on cylinder pressure analysis, as well as the number count, clustering, intensity, duration, and onset crank angle of LSPI events. Four fuels were used, with three of the fuels being blends with gasoline, and the fourth being neat gasoline. The blended fuels consisted of single molecules of different molecular types: a ketone (cyclopentanone), an alcohol (2-methyl-1-butanol), and an aromatic (ethylbenzene). All three pure molecules have RON values within ±2 and boiling points within ±5 °C. These fuels were blended with gasoline to a 25% mass fraction and were used to run the engine at identical LSPI prone operating conditions. The findings highlight that fuels with similar boiling properties and octane numbers can exhibit similar LSPI number counts, but with vastly different LSPI magnitudes and intensities. Moreover, the results highlight fundamental fuel properties such as flame speed are critical to characterizing the LSPI propensity and behavior of the fuel.
The raw fuel doesn’t have sufficient time to fully vaporize, due to a lack of turbulence and an abbreviated dwell time. This fuel can puddle between the upper piston ring and ring land. When mixed with the oil, it can produce this low octane compound. When the throttle pedal is punched after extended idling, this compound can pre-ignite, causing severe damage to the piston rings and lands.
Another factor contributing to LSPI is a fuel’s distillation curve, which displays how easily a fuel evaporates. Interestingly, whereas a racing or premium fuel is typically desired for performance driving, a standard fuel will vaporize more easily. While it is still necessary to have a high-enough octane to support an engine’s compression and performance needs, some racing fuels with a high distillation temperature can be detrimental in direct-injected engines. This is due to the higher octane racing fuel’s resistance to vaporization and the resulting LSPI occurring in direct-injected engines.
SHOdded said:Brief video of what LSPI sounds like in an Opel engine - be sure to read the accompanying blurb
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=RkMti5nh2S8